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By Stephanie Cook (MJour'18)

The first study CMCI baby直播app members听Erin Schauster听补苍诲听Pat Ferrucci听worked on together was about the TV show听Mad Men.

Both were pursuing PhDs at the University of Missouri and Ferrucci thought it鈥檇 be a great way to do research while watching TV, he jokes. It鈥檚 easy to see, though, why two scholars shaped by an industry struggling to find its moral center amid baby直播app and cultural change would be drawn to the topic.

Schauster鈥撯�搉ow an assistant professor of advertising鈥撯�揾ad been an account executive at advertising agencies in St. Louis and Nashville while Ferrucci鈥撯�搉ow an associate professor of journalism鈥撯�揾ad worked as a journalist covering pop culture. Together, they represented opposite sides of a polarized industry.

鈥淒efinitely, based on our training and in terms of the classes we took, we come at things differently,鈥� Ferrucci says. 鈥淎nd at least for me, when I鈥檓 looking for people to work with, regardless of whether they live with me or not, you鈥檙e always looking for people who look at things a little bit differently. If it was the same, I would just do it myself.鈥�

Now married and scheduling interviews around their toddler鈥檚 nap time, the researchers continue to collaborate on studies examining the industry they came up in.

The media, money and morality

Not so long ago, journalists like Ferrucci and advertisers like Schauster were confined to clear鈥撯�揺ven rigid鈥撯�搃ndustry roles. In recent years, though, the internet and social media have altered funding models, leading to changes in both internal job expectations and external media perceptions among journalists, advertisers and public relations practitioners.

鈥�(For journalists,) you鈥檙e asked to promote yourself so that you can get attention, and you might be asked to work on paid promotional work like native advertising,鈥� Schauster says. 鈥淏y comparison, in advertising, now you鈥檙e being asked to be a social advocate, a political advocate and an environmental advocate.鈥�

After watching these changes take place as practitioners, scholars and educators, Schauster and Ferrucci wanted to know whether these changes were affecting moral reasoning rates across the industry.

To find out, the researchers joined Edson C. Tandoc, an associate professor at Nanyang Technological University whom they met at the University of Missouri, for a series of studies including 鈥淛ournalism Primed,鈥� 鈥淎dvertising Primed鈥� with Tara Walker (PhDAdvert鈥�20) and 鈥淧ublic Relations Primed鈥� with Baylor University Associate Professor Marlene Neill.

For each study, they administered the Defining Issues Test (DIT) to more than 100 practitioners. Often used in moral psychology, the DIT prompts people with various moral dilemmas along with a series of accompanying statements, which participants rank based on how relevant each statement seems to solving the dilemma.

Previous studies鈥撯�損ublished in 2004 for journalism, 2005 for advertising and 2009 for PR鈥撯�揻ound that journalists showed the highest rates of moral reasoning, followed by PR practitioners then advertisers.

鈥淭hose were the most recent scores for those three respective professions, so we were going in with the assumption that they would parallel those rankings,鈥� Schauster says.

What they found surprised them. The overall scores for each profession changed in such a considerable way that the overall industry rankings changed, too.

Journalists鈥� scores dropped dramatically, from 48.68 points to 41.61, only slightly higher than the general public鈥檚 score of 40 when tested in 2004, while advertisers鈥� scores went up from 31.64 to 39.27 and PR practitioners鈥� scores remained steady, dropping slightly from 46.2 to 45.49.

This means that PR practitioners now have the best moral reasoning rates in the industry, followed by journalists with advertisers close behind.

It鈥檚 likely not a coincidence, he says, that an industry facing increasing job insecurity, baby直播app precarity and a splintering professional culture has also seen a decrease in ethics.

A prime example

The researchers also examined what effect, if any, practitioners鈥� professional identities had on moral reasoning.

In each study, participants were split into two groups. Before reading the DIT dilemmas, both groups received the same set of innocuous questions, with one key difference: One of the groups鈥� questions were framed in a way that reminded participants of their professional identities, a technique called priming. So while a participant in the unprimed group might receive the question, 鈥淗ow often do you check social media?鈥� a participant in the primed group would be asked, 鈥淎s an advertising practitioner, how often do you check social media?鈥�

Overall, while there were some slight differences in moral reasoning as a result of priming, the results were not statistically significant. There was, however, an interesting result when it came to advertisers鈥� gender identification. While primed women scored lower than unprimed women, primed men showed a different pattern.

鈥淲hen they were asked to think like an advertising practitioner, their moral reasoning scores went up, and that鈥檚 not what we would expect,鈥� Schauster says. 鈥淲e would expect anyone, when thinking like an advertising practitioner, their moral reasoning to go down, because that鈥檚 what the 2005 study found.鈥�

The idea to prime participants came from a study conducted by European scholars who tested Wall Street executives after the financial crisis to gauge how much risk they would take with people鈥檚 money, Ferrucci says.

鈥淭he Wall Street people were actually less risky when being told that they were Wall Street people. So for us, by constantly telling people that they are in a profession, you would think鈥撯�揺specially with journalists鈥撯�搕hat would make them act more ethical,鈥� he says. 鈥淏ut because none of these worked, in the sense that we didn鈥檛 find significant differences, that kind of shows you that there鈥檚 not this sense of professional, cultural unity.鈥�

Integrating ethics

Ultimately, Schauster and Ferrucci point to PR as a profession with the structures in place to help practitioners remain steady in their judgment amid industry shifts.

鈥淓ven though those scores didn鈥檛 change, the fact that they鈥檝e maintained is actually interesting to know,鈥� Schauster says, pointing to related findings on access to ethics training, on-the-job education and mentorship in the industry, as well as the ability to confidently provide ethics counsel to clients.听

鈥淎ll of those things that we report support the notion that we can look to them for guidance.鈥�

As educators, Ferrucci and Schauster are working with colleagues to ensure that students receive ethics training early on and have some awareness of the industry as a whole, even as they must be trained for specialized roles, they say. These are areas where both educators and industry professionals must try to improve, Schauster says.

鈥淟ook at where we are today as a society and how polarized we are. And who is contributing to that? Journalists, ad practitioners, PR practitioners. We have a huge responsibility to tell and deliver the truth,鈥� she says.