Biomedical

Mechanical engineering students develop a soft robot to improve lung examinations

Anonymous — Fri, 15 Apr 2022 14:39:48 +0000

Mechanical engineering students develop a soft robot to improve lung examinations Anonymous (not verified) Fri, 04/15/2022 - 08:39

Rachel Leuthauser

Soft Robot for Surgical Interventions Team

Maxwell Anderson – Logistics Manager
Sean Dunkelman – Systems Engineer
Christopher Gonzalez – Software Engineer
Brady King – Electro-mechanical Engineer
Isaac Martinez – CAD Engineer
Brad Nam – Manufacturing Engineer
Caitlyn Robinson – Test Engineer
Renée Schnettler – Project Manager
William Wang – Electro-mechanical Engineer
William Watkins – Financial Manager

Seniors in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of babyֱ��app Boulder are designing a new soft robot to improve physicians’ ability to examine the deepest part of a patient’s lung.

Currently, there is only one system that can get down to the bottom of the lungs – a rigid catheter that could potentially cause inflammation. The team of mechanical engineering students are working with medical device company Medtronic on making the tip of that catheter more flexible.

“Our client is hoping to reduce the strain on the body by replacing the end of the device with something that is very compliant and soft, especially in comparison to the materials that are used today,” said Maxwell Anderson, the team’s logistics manager. “We’re trying to create a soft robot for the tip that will allow the physician to have more control of the end and have it be less abrasive toward the patient.”

The students are tackling this project as part of the department’s Senior Design course. They have spent the academic year researching, designing, molding and testing various iterations of their soft robot prototype.

An iterative design process

Renée Schnettler and Maxwell Anderson show how the soft robot bends with air pressure.

Sean Dunkelsman, William Wang and Brady King test the team's control system.

The team’s baseline design is a hollow, silicone tube with bubbles on the outside. The bubbles expand as the soft robot is inflated with air pressure, which causes the tube to bend. The students explained that the bending motion is the key aspect of their design, as that configuration is what allows the soft robot to move through the deeper parts of the lung.

“The catheter still does most of the work during the procedure, and then physicians control the soft robot at the very end to just move the tip,” said Renée Schnettler, the team’s project manager. “It can hook into different areas and allow doctors to send a needle through it to take a sample of any lung tissue they are studying.”

The team said they are constantly making new prototypes for testing purposes. The R&D process has resulted in 55 prototypes since fall 2021.

“A lot of what we’ve been doing is building off of our baseline design,” said Isaac Martinez, the CAD engineer on the team. “We watch how that prototype behaved and try changing certain dimensions. That would be one iteration. Then we change another aspect, like the number of bubbles, and that becomes a second iteration. We’ve been trying to put together this full picture from a lot of different prototypes.”

Each change in the prototype’s design has been targeted and intentional. That includes adjustments to the soft robot’s control system.

“Our control team has spent a lot of time just trying to figure out how we can tell where the tip of the robot is,” said electro-mechanical engineer William Wang. “We have been trying to improve our control systems to hit the desired positions, but each iteration of our prototype behaves slightly different depending on the material properties. We’ve been trying to find more robust techniques to control all of them.”

The seniors are working with Medtronic to design a soft robot that would give physicians more control as they examine the deepest part of a patient's lung and make the procedure less abrasive for the patient.

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Computer-simulated heart flow model could help treat pediatric heart disease patients

Anonymous — Wed, 09 Mar 2022 23:08:19 +0000

Computer-simulated heart flow model could help treat pediatric heart disease patients Anonymous (not verified) Wed, 03/09/2022 - 16:08

Research from Professor Debanjan Mukherjee and a collaborative team of biomedical engineers, physicians and researchers could enable significant advances for the 40,000 pediatric congenital heart disease patients (CHD) born each year.

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Research on manipulating endoskeletal droplets with acoustic radiation published in Nature

Anonymous — Mon, 21 Feb 2022 17:21:38 +0000

Research on manipulating endoskeletal droplets with acoustic radiation published in Nature Anonymous (not verified) Mon, 02/21/2022 - 10:21

Rachel Leuthauser

Above: Gazendra Shakya (PhDMechEngr'21)
Header image: Different orientation of disks at 10 MHz of acoustic standing wave.

Research from the College of Engineering and Applied Science that uses acoustic radiation forces to shape the internal structure of suspended droplets has been published in Nature Communications.

The paper, titled “Acoustically Manipulating Internal Structure of Disk-in-Sphere Endoskeletal Droplets,” is a collaborative work completed by researchers in the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, the Biomedical Engineering Program and the Materials Science and Engineering Program.

Their work could boost health and drug advancements by giving researchers a better understanding of primary and secondary radiation forces in multiphase colloidal systems – such as emulsions, foams, membranes and gels. Those forces are currently being studied for cell separation for disease diagnoses and drug delivery systems for cancer treatments.

First author Gazendra Shakya, a PhD graduate who worked in the labs of Professors Mark Borden and Xiaoyun Ding, shared how the group came to the more thorough understanding of radiation forces and how the research could benefit future studies.

Can you explain what endoskeletal droplets are and how you used them in this research?

Endoskeletal droplets are tiny liquid droplets that are suspended in an aqueous or water medium. The ones we used are 10 micrometers in diameter, a similar size to biological cells. For comparison, a typical human hair is 100 micrometers in diameter.

The interesting thing about these liquid droplets are that they have a solid skeleton embedded inside them, hence the name endoskeletal droplets. There are different types of endoskeletal droplets but the ones we study in this project have a disk-shaped solid inside the liquid droplet.

The disk-shaped endoskeletal droplets and their freedom of rotation inside the droplet.

What are the real-world impacts from this research? How will the collaborative work benefit society?

The radiation forces are very important in any colloidal system that deals with acoustic waves. For example, these forces are being studied currently for cell separation for disease diagnosis or optimizing drug delivery systems for cancer treatments. But these forces and their behaviors in multiphase colloidal systems have not yet been fully understood. With this current paper, we have gotten a better understanding of the primary and secondary radiation forces.

Moreover, this study demonstrated the possibility of manipulating internal structures of droplets and cells. This can pave the way to manipulating internal organelles in a cell, which is very challenging for current techniques, but could be helpful to understand the communication and function of intracellular organelles.

Is exploring the internal structure of a droplet this small challenging?

It is very challenging because the internal structure adds a lot of complexity. With that added internal phase, which has different physical and chemical properties, it is very hard to properly explore the behavior of the internal structure.

I think the geometry also played an important part. We have discovered the ideal droplet at the internal phase is not spherical. Instead, it is cylindrical like a flattened disk and free to rotate or move around inside the droplet. This was a major advantage for us because we could now visualize how different forces were affecting the internal structure as it moved and rotated in response.

Different cluster types and different orientations of disks inside the droplets. This is at a higher frequency of 20 MHz.

How did you use radiation forces to manipulate the structure within the droplet?

Currently, we are using acoustic frequencies which are in the MHz range and hence inaudible. Any particle in an acoustic field experiences a force called the acoustic radiation force. There are two types of radiation forces: the primary radiation force and the secondary radiation force. These two forces have different implications on suspended particles. Since we have particles with two different acoustic properties in a single droplet – liquid and solid properties – they both are affected in different ways.

The liquid droplet is pushed to a specific direction by the primary radiation force and the attractive force from the secondary radiation creates clusters. As for the solid disks inside the droplets, the primary radiation force pushes the disks to the top of the cluster and forces them to be parallel to the substrate, whereas the secondary radiation force pushes it to the edges of the cluster and makes them perpendicular. By manipulating the magnitude of these forces, which can be done by either changing the frequency or the cluster size, we could manipulate the internal structure of the disks.

The other authors on this paper include previous postdoctoral scholar Tao Yang, postdoctoral associate Yu Gao, PhD researcher Apresio K. Fajrial, and professors Baowen Li,Massimo Ruzzene, Mark A. Borden and Xiaoyun Ding.

Read the full paper: "Acoustically Manipulating Internal Structure of Disk-in-Sphere Endoskeletal Droplets"

The collaborative work could boost health and drug advancements by giving researchers a better understanding of primary and secondary radiation forces in multiphase colloidal systems – such as emulsions, foams, membranes and gels.

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Alumni Spotlight: Michael Lewis - From mechanical engineer to heart surgeon

Anonymous — Thu, 03 Feb 2022 16:25:42 +0000

Alumni Spotlight: Michael Lewis - From mechanical engineer to heart surgeon Anonymous (not verified) Thu, 02/03/2022 - 09:25

Rachel Leuthauser

Michael Lewis (MechEngr'00)

Mechanical engineering is one of the broadest engineering disciplines. The versatile degree allows for students to become cross-functional engineers, the leaders in interdisciplinary industries aiming to improve society.

Alumnus Michael Lewis (MechEngr’00) took interdisciplinary to the next level. After graduating with a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering and working at Boeing for a year, he discovered another way to help people – through medicine.

Lewis is now a surgeon in the Children’s Heart Center at Lund University Hospital in Sweden. While the path he took with his engineering degree was nontraditional, Lewis credits the opportunities at the University of babyֱ��app Boulder for setting him up for success.

Read more about Lewis’ career from mechanical engineer to pediatric heart surgeon in the Q&A below.

What inspired you to study mechanical engineering before medicine?

I didn’t think I was going to be an engineer right away. I originally wanted to study psychology but quickly learned that wasn’t for me. I also loved music, so I changed my major to classical guitar for a few semesters. I think I must have set the record for credits and classes!

I remember sitting down at two distinct points in my life, trying to figure out what I liked and wanted to be. The first time was in the student union at CU Boulder. I knew I loved math, science and problem-solving, and applying those studies to real-world issues. That led me to engineering. I figured mechanical engineering was very broad and that I could use that education in various industries.

The second talk I had with myself was in my apartment in Boulder. I thought to myself, “Is there anything else I like doing?” I realized I like being with people and solving problems for humanity. That’s when the lightbulb went off. I knew I wanted to be a doctor. I volunteered at the student health center and realized it was something I could do.

Even with that realization, I still wanted to use my engineering degree. I worked for Boeing as a design engineer for a year and successfully sent two projects to space. It was great and I thought I was well prepared to work, but I knew wanted to pursue medicine. I attended Chicago Medical School, completed my residency and fellowships in the Midwest and on the East Coast, and finished in 2014. My family moved to Sweden where my wife and I now both work at Lund University Hospital.

Projects at Boeing

Measuring the growth of microbes

Lewis' first project with Boeing was a module to measure how microbes grow in a zero-gravity environment. The self-contained capsule was designed to doc onto a space shuttle. The module went up with Space Shuttle Columbia, which disintegrated on its way back to earth on Feb. 1, 2003. Seven astronauts were killed in the accident. Lewis' data, stored on hard disk drives, was destroyed.

Signage at the space station

Lewis' second project with Boeing was basic signage that went up to the International Space Station. He focused on the design process in order to send the signage on a shuttle to space.

Want to learn more?

Connect with Michael Lewis

What is the value of having a mechanical engineering degree as a surgeon?

If you have ever been in modern medicine – specifically inside an operating room – you can see that there are mechanical engineering needs all over the place. Everything from the heart-lung machine to the sutures that we use have been meticulously engineered. You really become aware of how useful and necessary these tools are to improve and save the patient’s life.

Plus, the basic physiology of the human body and the cardiovascular system is better understood when thinking about the changes in fluid dynamics with temperature or the changes a heart goes through with pressure and volume. My mechanical engineering education has been incredibly useful for developing my skills as a doctor and pediatric heart surgeon.

Both engineering and medicine aim to solve societal challenges. Do you view your interdisciplinary career path through that lens?

Every day. There are times when that idea can get lost in the stress of the work, but then you get a letter from a parent or child that you have operated on. You get a note from a medical student or nurse that you have helped. You see that you’ve made a difference.

I am a bit of an idealist and I think that’s what has made it possible to take this long loop to becoming a doctor. That is why I chose this career and continue to do it today.

What advice do you have for current mechanical engineering students?

Sit down and talk with yourself about what you want out of life. Irrespective of how narrow or broad you want to be as a mechanical engineer, there are options out there for everybody. That will play into every choice you make personally and professionally. Think about where you want to live, how you want to spend your time and what sort of projects do you want to work on. Make a list of the things that are important to you and start there.

Alumnus Michael Lewis (MechEngr’00) took an interdisciplinary education to the next level. After graduating with a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering and working at Boeing for a year, he discovered another way to help people – through medicine.

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Video: Emergent behavior in fire ants

Anonymous — Thu, 06 Jan 2022 16:51:00 +0000

Video: Emergent behavior in fire ants Anonymous (not verified) Thu, 01/06/2022 - 09:51

Rachel Leuthauser , Cody Johnston

Great discoveries lie at the edge of chaos, and nature provides perhaps the best inspiration for finding order in anarchy. Fish school, birds flock, fireflies sync and ants colonize. This type of collective behavior that forms complex and adaptive systems is what scientists refer to as emergence.

Studying emergent behavior has long fascinated engineers, and researchers at the University of babyֱ��app Boulder have uncovered a distinct behavior in colonies of fire ants cooperating in flood situations. PhD candidates Robert Wagner, Kristen Such, Ethan Hobbs and Professor Franck Vernerey studied how the ants spontaneously form tether-like protrusions that help them navigate and escape flooded environments.

They found the dynamic shape that the fire ants take on is sustained by competing mechanisms of structural contraction and outward expansion. The researchers hope their work will inspire future studies by providing swarm roboticists and engineers with ant-inspired rules that could help achieve complex functional tasks.

Their research was recently published in the Journal of the Royal Society – titled "Treadmilling and dynamic protrusions in fire ant rafts." Check out the video below to watch how the ants form their own interconnected, floating raft.

[video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrLc-uDv7GU]

Studying emergent behavior has long fascinated engineers, and researchers at the University of babyֱ��app Boulder just uncovered a distinct behavior in colonies of fire ants cooperating in flood situations.

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Lynch among AB Nexus grant program fall 2021 award winners

Anonymous — Thu, 09 Dec 2021 20:10:46 +0000

Lynch among AB Nexus grant program fall 2021 award winners Anonymous (not verified) Thu, 12/09/2021 - 13:10

Seven new grants have been awarded to advance a wide range of projects; momentum builds as AB Nexus continues through its second year.

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Nuclear deformation research could advance artificial tissue engineering

Anonymous — Thu, 02 Dec 2021 16:38:33 +0000

Nuclear deformation research could advance artificial tissue engineering Anonymous (not verified) Thu, 12/02/2021 - 09:38

Professor Corey Neu and Benjamin Seelbinder's (PhDMech’19) work, now published in Nature Biomedical Engineering, looks at how cells adapt to their environment and how a mechanical environment influences a cell. Their research has the potential to tackle major health obstacles.

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High-Tech Tattoos May Help Prevent Skin Cancer

Anonymous — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 17:59:25 +0000

High-Tech Tattoos May Help Prevent Skin Cancer Anonymous (not verified) Mon, 11/15/2021 - 10:59

Four years ago, Professor Carson Bruns set out to create a new kind of tattoo — today, he's created a new kind of programmable ink used to lower the risk against skin cancer.

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CU Boulder spinoff company develops technology that could treat COVID-19 complications

Anonymous — Fri, 22 Oct 2021 20:18:20 +0000

CU Boulder spinoff company develops technology that could treat COVID-19 complications Anonymous (not verified) Fri, 10/22/2021 - 14:18

After a year when the nation experienced a shortage of mechanical ventilators to help treat patients with severe COVID-19 complications, Professor Mark Borden's company Respirogen presents another treatment option: oxygen microbubbles.

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Calve, Ferguson awarded grant to study mechanisms that lead to tissue degradation

Anonymous — Mon, 20 Sep 2021 20:16:10 +0000

Calve, Ferguson awarded grant to study mechanisms that lead to tissue degradation Anonymous (not verified) Mon, 09/20/2021 - 14:16

Professors Sarah Calve and Virginia Ferguson's tissue engineering project is one of three space-based experiments that recently received a NSF grant to help patients on Earth.

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