In the cells of palm trees, humans, and some single-celled microorganisms, DNA gets bent the same way. Now, by studying the 3-D structure of proteins bound to DNA in microbes called Archaea, CU Boulder and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) researchers have turned up surprising similarities to DNA packing in more complicated organisms.
Archaea wrap their DNA (yellow) around proteins called histones (blue), shown above in a 3-D representation. The wrapped structure bears an uncanny resemblance to the eukaryotic nucleosome, a bundle of eight histone proteins with DNA spooled around it. But unlike eukaryotes, Archaea wind their DNA around just one histone protein, and form a long, twisting structure called a superhelix. Image: Francesca Mattiroli
鈥淚f you look at the nitty gritty, it鈥檚 identical,鈥� said , a professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry at CU听Boulder and an HHMI Investigator. 鈥淚t just blows my mind.鈥�
The archaeal DNA folding, described today in the journal Science, hints at the evolutionary origins of genome folding, a process that involves bending DNA and one that is remarkably conserved across all eukaryotes (organisms that have a defined nucleus surrounded by a membrane).
Like Eukarya and Bacteria, Archaea represent one of the three domains of life. But Archaea are thought to include the closest living relatives to an ancient ancestor that first hit on the idea of folding DNA.
Scientists have long known that cells in all eukaryotes, from fish to trees to people, pack DNA in exactly the same way. DNA strands are wound around a 鈥榟ockey puck鈥� composed of eight histone proteins, forming what鈥檚 called a nucleosome. Nucleosomes are strung together on a strand of DNA, forming a 鈥渂eads on a string鈥� structure. The universal conservation of this genetic necklace raises the question of its origin.
If all eukaryotes have the same DNA bending style, 鈥渢hen it must have evolved in a common ancestor,鈥� said study co-author John Reeve, a microbiologist at The Ohio State University. 鈥淏ut what that ancestor was, is a question no one asked.鈥�
Earlier work by Reeve had turned up histone proteins in archaeal cells. But, Archaea are prokaryotes (microgorganisms without a defined nucleus), so it wasn鈥檛 clear just what those histone proteins were doing. By examining the detailed structure of a crystal that contained DNA bound to archaeal histones, the new study reveals exactly how DNA packing works.
Luger and her colleagues wanted to make crystals of the histone-DNA complex in Methanothermus fervidus, a heat-loving archaeal species. Then, they wanted to bombard the crystals with X-rays. This technique, called X-ray crystallography, yields precise information about the position of each and every amino acid and nucleotide in the molecules being studied. But growing the crystals was tricky (the histones would stick to any given stretch of DNA, making it hard to create consistent histone-DNA structures), and making sense of the data they could get was no easy feat.
鈥淚t was a very gnarly crystallographic problem,鈥� said Luger.
Yet Luger and her colleagues persisted. The researchers revealed that despite using a single type of histone (and not four as do eukaryotes), the Archaea were folding DNA in a very familiar way, creating the same sort of bends as those found in eukaryotic nucleosomes.
But there were differences, too. Instead of individual beads on a string, the archaeal DNA formed a long superhelix, a single, large curve of already twisty DNA strands.
鈥淚n Archaea, you have one single building block,鈥� Luger said. 鈥淭here is nothing to stop it. It鈥檚 almost like it鈥檚 a continuous nucleosome, really.鈥�
This superhelix formation, it turns out, is important. When CU Boulder postdoctoral researcher Francesca Mattiroli, together with Thomas Santangelo鈥檚 lab at baby直播app State University, created mutations that interfered with this structure, the cells had trouble growing under stressful conditions. What鈥檚 more, the cells seemed to not be using a set of their genes properly.
鈥淚t鈥檚 clear with these mutations that they can鈥檛 form these stretches,鈥� Mattiroli said.
The results suggest that the archaeal DNA folding is an early prototype of the eukaryotic nucleosome.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 think there鈥檚 any doubt that it鈥檚 ancestral,鈥� Reeve said.
Still, many questions remain. Luger says she鈥檇 like to look for the missing link鈥攁 nucleosome-like structure that bridges the gap between the simple archaeal fold and the elaborate nucleosome found in eukaryotes, which can pack a huge amount of DNA into a small space and regulate gene behavior in many ways.
鈥淗ow did we get from here to there?鈥� she asks.听
This release by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and is re-used with permission.
