New research led by scientists at CU Boulder suggests that eyes may really be the window to the soul鈥攐r, at least, how humans dart their eyes may reveal valuable information about how they make decisions.听
The new findings offer researchers a rare opportunity in neuroscience: the chance to observe the inner workings of the human brain from the outside. Doctors could also potentially use the results to, one day, screen their patients for illnesses like depression or Parkinson鈥檚 Disease.
鈥淓ye movements are incredibly interesting to study,鈥� said Colin Korbisch, doctoral student in the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering at CU Boulder and lead author of the study. 鈥淯nlike your arms or legs, the speed of eye movements is almost totally involuntary. It鈥檚 a much more direct measurement of these unconscious processes happening in your brain.鈥�
He and his colleagues, including researchers at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, in the journal Current Biology.
In the study, the team asked 22 human subjects to walk on a treadmill then choose between different settings displayed on a computer screen: a听brief walk up a steep grade or a longer walk on flat ground.听
Researchers discovered that the subjects鈥� eyes gave them away: Even before they made their choices, the treadmill users tended to move their eyes faster when they looked toward the options they ended up choosing. The more vigorously their eyes moved, the more they seemed to prefer their choice.听
鈥淲e discovered an accessible measurement that will tell you, in only a few seconds, not just what you prefer but how much you prefer it,鈥� said Alaa Ahmed, senior author of the study and associate professor of mechanical engineering at CU Boulder.
Shifty eyes
Ahmed explained that how or why humans make choices (Tea or coffee? Dogs or cats?) is notoriously difficult to study. Researchers don鈥檛 have many tools that will easily allow them to peer inside the brain. Ahmed, however, believes that our eyes could provide a glimpse into some of our thought processes. She鈥檚 particularly interested in a type of movement known as a 鈥渟accade.鈥�
鈥淭he primary way our eyes move is through saccades,鈥� Ahmed said. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 when your eyes quickly jump from one fixation point to another.鈥�
Quickly is the key word: Saccades usually take just a few dozen milliseconds to complete, making them faster than an average blink.听
To find out if these darting motions give clues about how humans come to decisions, Ahmed and her colleagues decided to hit the gym.
In the new study, the team set up a treadmill on the CU Boulder campus. Study subjects exercised on various inclines for a period of time then sat down in front of a monitor and a high-speed, camera-based device that tracked their eye movements. While at the screen, they pondered a series of options, getting 4 seconds to pick between two choices represented by icons: Did they want to walk for 2 minutes at a 10% grade, for example, or for 6 minutes at a 4% grade? Once done, they returned to the treadmill to feel the burn based on what they chose.听
The team found that subjects鈥� eyes underwent a marathon of activity in just a short span of time. As they considered their options, the individuals flitted their eyes between the icons, first slowly and then faster.听
鈥淚nitially, the saccades to either option were similarly vigorous,鈥� Ahmed said. 鈥淭hen, as time passed, that vigor increased and it increased even faster for the option they eventually chose.鈥�
The researchers also discovered that people who made the hastiest decisions鈥攖he most impulsive members of the group, perhaps鈥攁lso tended to move their eyes more vigorously. Once the subjects decided on their pick, their eyes slowed again.听
鈥淩eal-time read-outs of this decision-making process typically require invasive electrodes placed into the brain. Having this more easily-measured variable opens a lot of possibilities,鈥� Korbisch said.听
Diagnosing illness
Flicks of the eye could matter for a lot more than understanding how humans make decisions. Studies in monkeys, for example, have suggested that some of the same pathways in the brain that help primates pick between this or that may also break down in people with Parkinson鈥檚鈥攁 neurological illness in which individuals experience tremors, difficulty moving and other issues.
鈥淪lowed movements aren鈥檛 just a symptom of Parkinson鈥檚 but also appear in a lot of mental health disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia,鈥� Ahmed said. 鈥淲e think these eye movements could be something that medical professionals track as a diagnostic tool, a way to identify the progress of certain illnesses.鈥�
Eyes, in other words, could be windows to a lot more than just the soul.
