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Potentially harmful chemicals generated by the Marshall Fire in late 2021 may have lingered inside some Boulder County homes for weeks after the disaster鈥攈iding in small particles of dust that residents could have mixed back into the air when they vacuumed carpets or turned on fans, .听

The study, led by researchers from CU Boulder, is the latest to look at the long-lasting impacts of this devastating event. The Marshall Fire ignited in the morning on Dec. 30, 2021, and within hours destroyed more than 1,000 homes and buildings.听

Engineers and chemists at CU Boulder wanted to take a particularly close look at those homes that survived the blaze but still faced the towering walls of smoke.听

Through late January and early February 2022, the scientists collected meticulous samples of particles of dust in the air and on surfaces in a sample of homes from the fire zone. They discovered that burning from the blaze may have left a mark on these buildings. Dust samples, for example, revealed elevated concentrations of potentially harmful materials like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which the Environmental Protection Agency considers carcinogens.

The team can鈥檛 be sure what risk, if any, the particles posed to the health of people living in these neighborhoods. But the researchers hope that their results could one day help the survivors of future wildfires make informed decisions about when they can move back into their homes.听

鈥淭his is going to happen again, unfortunately,鈥� said Jonathan Silberstein, a doctoral student in the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering at CU Boulder. 鈥淢aybe not in Boulder, but somewhere in the United States. We hope this research will help inform best practices for recovering after the next fire.鈥�

The study is one of several that CU Boulder researchers carried out across Boulder County in the wake of the disaster. The same team, for example, is also studying the toxic gases that may have seeped into homes from the fire to build out a more complete picture of the possible health risks.听

鈥淭his was a really tragic event, but it was rewarding to have the opportunity to quickly address the concerns of the community many of us live in,鈥� said Michael Hannigan, co-author of the study and a professor of mechanical engineering. 鈥淭he community members couldn鈥檛 have been more receptive, helpful and gracious.鈥�

Returning home

Christine Wiedinmyer is one of those community members. She鈥檚 also a co-author of the new study.

On Dec. 30, 2021, the CU Boulder air quality scientist was working from the basement of her home in the Rock Creek area of Boulder County when she started receiving texts from her friends: Authorities had just evacuated the Costco in the nearby town of Superior. Wiedinmyer and her teenage son left not long after, grabbing their laptops, some important documents and a few items of clothing.

鈥淚 really didn鈥檛 appreciate the extent of the fire until I got to my brother鈥檚 house in Denver, and I saw the news,鈥� said Wiedinmyer, associate director of science for the (CIRES). 鈥淚 thought: We鈥檙e not going back today.鈥�

When she did return to her home on New Year鈥檚 Eve, Wiedinmyer found it still standing. But the flames, which had spread to within a few hundred yards from her house, had left a fingerprint on the structure.

鈥淚t smelled like the day after a campfire,鈥� she said. 鈥淏elow the doors and windowsills, you could see this black dust.鈥�

At the same time, Wiedinmyer鈥檚 neighbors came to her with questions she couldn鈥檛 answer: Was it safe for them to move back home? What kind of cleaning should they do?

An eye on dust

To begin to answer those questions, Wiedinmyer joined a dream team of scientists from across CU Boulder. They included Hannigan; Marina Vance, assistant professor of mechanical engineering; Joost de Gouw, a chemist and professor at CIRES; and Colleen Reid, assistant professor of geography.听

In a first-of-its-kind study, the team visited several homes in the burn area, a region spanning more than 6,000 acres in Superior, Louisville and unincorporated Boulder County鈥攖hen picked four houses to study in-depth for this study, including Wiedinmyer鈥檚. The team scraped dust from windowsills and installed monitors to track particles in the air on a minute-by-minute basis. 听

The group鈥檚 results revealed what may be the most detailed story to date of what happens to homes that survive this kind of fire.听

The floating particles of ash produced by the fire seemed to settle out of the air in these houses within a day or two. But the dust that Wiedinmyer had seen on her windowsills lingered, and didn鈥檛 stay put. In February, the researchers took measurements as a six-person cleaning crew entered one of the homes to vacuum and mop. The concentrations of particles in the air nearly doubled during that time. Overnight in the same house, the team saw airborne particles spike about once every 20 minutes鈥攍ikely due to the home鈥檚 HVAC system switching on and off.听

Silberstein noted that the concentrations of contaminants like PAHs and some heavy metals were higher in those samples than in dust from听Boulder County homes outside the burn zone. But levels weren鈥檛 above the typical range for many urban areas in the U.S.

鈥淗uman activity, like cleaning, seemed to cause resuspension,鈥� Silberstein said. 鈥淚f there are compounds in that dust that are potentially bad for human health, that鈥檚 when you might see the greatest health risks.鈥�

Wear a mask

Wiedinmyer noted that the team鈥檚 results represent just the first step in understanding how disasters like the Marshall Fire may affect nearby homes.

鈥淚 found it really frustrating because I couldn鈥檛 tell my neighbors what to do,鈥� Wiedinmyer said. 鈥淚 couldn鈥檛 tell them if it safe to move back in, only what I had done in my own house.鈥�

For her part, the scientist cleaned her floors and windowsills and aired out her home for a week. She and her family didn鈥檛 move back in until the burning smell had gone away. Silberstein noted that anyone cleaning up a house after a fire should be diligent about wearing a mask to avoid breathing in potentially harmful dust.

He appreciated the chance to see his scientific knowledge help his community in a time of need.听

鈥淥ften, our kind of research can feel removed from people鈥檚 everyday lives,鈥� Silberstein said. 鈥淏ut this project felt like we were making a tangible difference.鈥�

Other CU Boulder co-authors of the new study included graduate students Caroline Frischmon, Emma Rieves, William Dresser, Avery Hatch and Helena Pliszka; Liora Mael, postdoctoral associate in mechanical engineering; and Evan Coffey, senior research assistant in mechanical engineering. Trupti Das and Jyotishree Nath of the CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology also participated in the research.