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Despite some conventional wisdom to the contrary, opposites don鈥檛 actually attract.

That鈥檚 the takeaway from a sweeping CU Boulder analysis of more than 130 traits and including millions of couples over more than a century.

鈥淥ur findings demonstrate that birds of a feather are indeed more likely to flock together,鈥� said first author Tanya Horwitz, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and the Institute for Behavioral Genetics (IBG).

The study, in the journal 鈥淣ature Human Behaviour,鈥� confirms what individual studies have hinted at for decades, defying the age-old adage that 鈥渙pposites attract.鈥�

It found that for between 82% and 89% of traits analyzed鈥攔anging from political leanings to age of first intercourse to substance use habits鈥攑artners were more likely than not to be similar.

For only 3% of traits, and only in one part of their analysis, did individuals tend to partner with those who were different than them.

Aside from shedding light on unseen forces that may shape human relationships, the research has important implications for the field of genetic research.

鈥淎 lot of models in genetics assume that human mating is random. This study shows this assumption is probably wrong,鈥� said senior author and IBG Director Matt Keller, noting that what is known as 鈥渁ssortative mating鈥濃�攚hen individuals with similar traits couple up鈥攃an skew findings of genetic studies.

Looking back more than a century

For the new paper, the authors conducted both a review, or meta-analysis, of previous research and their own original data analysis.

For the meta-analysis, they looked at 22 traits across 199 studies including millions of male-female co-parents, engaged pairs, married pairs or cohabitating pairs. The oldest study was conducted in 1903.

In addition, they used a dataset called the UK Biobank to study听133 traits, including many that are seldom studied, across almost 80,000 opposite-sex pairs in the United Kingdom.

Same sex couples were not included in the research. Because the patterns there may differ significantly, the authors are now exploring those separately.

Across both analyses, traits like political and religious attitudes, level of education, and certain measures of IQ showed particularly high correlations.听 For instance, on a scale in which zero means there is no correlation and 1 means couples always share the trait, the correlation for political values was .58.听

Traits around substance use also showed high correlations, with heavy smokers, heavy drinkers and teetotalers tending strongly to partner up with those with similar habits.

Meanwhile, traits like height and weight, medical conditions and personality traits showed far lower but still positive correlations. For instance, the correlation for neurotocism was .11.

For some traits, like extroversion, there was not much of a correlation at all.

鈥淧eople have all these theories that extroverts like introverts or extroverts like other extroverts, but the fact of the matter is that it鈥檚 about like flipping a coin: Extroverts are similarly likely to end up with extroverts as with introverts,鈥� said Horwitz.

Rarely, opposites may attract

In the meta-analysis, the researchers found 鈥渘o compelling evidence鈥� on any trait that opposites attract. In the UK Biobank sample, they did find a handful of traits in which there seemed to be a negative correlation, albeit small.

Those included: chronotype (whether someone is a 鈥渕orning lark鈥澨齩r 鈥渘ight owl鈥�),听tendency to worry听and hearing difficulty.

More research must be done to unpack those findings, they said.

The trait for which couples were most likely to be similar was, not surprisingly, birth year.

But even seldom-studied traits, like how many sexual partners a person had had or whether they had been breastfed as a child, showed some correlation.

鈥淭hese findings suggest that even in situations where we feel like we have a choice about our relationships, there may be mechanisms happening behind the scenes of which we aren't fully aware,鈥� said Horwitz.

Next-generation implications

The authors note that couples share traits for a variety of reasons: Some grow up in the same area. Some are attracted to people who are similar to them. Some grow more similar the longer they are together.

Depending on the cause, there could be downstream consequences.

For example, Horwitz explains, if short people are more likely to produce offspring with short people and tall people with tall people, there could be more people at the height extremes in the next generation. The same goes for psychiatric, medical or other traits.

There could also be social implications.

For instance, some have suggested that people in the U.S. are growing more likely to couple up with people with similar educational backgrounds鈥攁 trend that, some theorize, could widen the sociobaby直播app divide.

Notably, the new study also showed that the strength of correlations for traits differed across populations. They likely also change over time, they suspect.

The researchers caution that the correlations they found were fairly modest and should not be overstated or misused to promote an agenda (Horwitz points out that assortative mating research was, tragically, co-opted by the eugenics movement).

They do hope the study will spark more research across disciplines, from baby直播apps to sociology to anthropology and psychology.

鈥淲e鈥檙e hoping people can use this data to do their own analyses and learn more about how and why people end up in the relationships they do,鈥� she said.