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Unrelenting wildfires in Canada and Hawaii. Catastrophic floods in Libya. Sweltering temperatures across the globe. These climate disasters, which once would have happened every decade or longer, all took place in 2023. As the planet warms, extreme weather events like heat waves, hurricanes, droughts and floods are undeniably becoming more frequent and intense, said听Pedro DiNezio, an associate professor in the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU Boulder.听听

On the eve of the United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 28, set to kick off in Dubai later this month, DiNezio spoke with CU Boulder today about weather extremes becoming the new normal and what can be done to mitigate future climate disasters.

Were there a lot of extreme weather events that happened in 2023?

Oh, gosh. There were so many, and many have been predicted for decades by scientists.听

I think the most important one, which has been predicted for years, is heat waves during the past summer. Summer used to be a season that we would all wait for excitedly. But summers are now hellish, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. This past summer, we had so many heat waves here in North America, as well as in Europe and Asia. 听We also have had really warm temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere since June. It was their winter, but the temperatures in countries like Brazil reached 100 degrees Fahrenheit.听

Then we had Hurricane Danielle in the Mediterranean that flooded Libya and overwhelmed dams. What this is showing us is that an extreme event that goes above what's normal can destroy our infrastructure in extremely destructive ways. We saw that in Libya, but also New York City a few months ago when heavy rainfall drenched the city.听

Why are we seeing more extreme weather events? What role does climate change play?听

Heat waves are normal phenomena in the climate system. But if the climate is already warm, then an event that would happen once every 50 years in the past is happening once every five years because of that extra warmth. That鈥檚 why climate change is making heat waves more frequent and intense.听

Also, as the climate warms, Earth鈥檚 atmosphere can hold more water vapor. When storms happen, all that water vapor will become rainfall, leading to higher rain rates and longer storms.听

In terms of wildfires, the atmosphere gets thirsty as it warms up due to well-know physics. The atmosphere quenches this thirst by extracting water from soil and plants. As they dry up, they are easier to catch on fire.

Scientists have said 2023 is on track to be the . According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the in the historical record have all occurred since 2010. Are we expecting another hottest year next year?

Now we are in the middle of an El Ni帽o event, which is a warming of the ocean surface as a part of the natural climate fluctuations. When global warming and El Ni帽o conspire, which is what happened this summer, we can have these extremely high temperatures.

Next summer, we are anticipating a La Ni帽a event, where the ocean surface cools. It will reverse some of these warming effects. Obviously, it will not reverse global warming, but next year鈥檚 heat waves would be less intense than this year鈥檚.听

What else are we expecting next year?听

El Ni帽o will continue through next spring in the Northern Hemisphere. For regions like Southeast Asia, we should expect massive heat waves before the onset of the monsoon rains in spring.

In addition, as we enter La Ni帽a next summer, we may see droughts in some areas. Combined with global warming, these droughts could be very intense. In places like the Southeastern U.S. and South America, where I'm from, there has been a prolonged drought over the last 20 or 30 years. Every La Ni帽a event exacerbates droughts.

In East Africa, particularly in countries like Ethiopia and Somalia, which have been ravaged by war and famine, we are seeing extreme rainfall this year. Next year, the weather will swing back to drought.听

The good news is we can actually predict these events quite well. That gives us a lot of opportunities to prepare for these disasters, mitigate some of the disruptions and sufferings. But more importantly, we can take advantage of these inevitable natural swings to build resilience and international cooperation to adapt to climate change.

Have the recent, extreme weather events influenced the public鈥檚 perception of climate change?

It鈥檚 been a challenging time climate-wise. We鈥檝e been experiencing a roller coaster of La Ni帽a, El Ni帽o and La Ni帽a. Earlier last year, we were just coming out of a La Ni帽a, and then we went right into an El Ni帽o. These swings in climate patterns are putting tremendous stress on our society.听

In some way, we no longer have to try really hard to convince people that the climate is changing, which was what I had to do when I started my PhD less than two decades ago. Now everyone can see it. Everyone experiences it.听

Are you hopeful?听

I am a very optimistic person. Industrialization has produced immense progress, but this is an opportunity to rethink how we relate to nature and learn that we depend on nature to maintain our society and civilization. 听We're entering a new phase in the climate crisis where we need to communicate more about the tools we have to address it. We need to tell people, particularly the younger generations, that the future will be better, because we are improving our relationship with nature, and we are developing better technologies to produce the energy we need.听

Scientists have been predicting climate change is going to happen for decades. Now is the time to act, and we should act in a way that is just, fair, inclusive, and includes everyone on this planet.